Winged and non-winged aphids may be present at this time.

Deformation of leaves.
May cause honeydew formation and sooty mold on fruit.
May transmit viruses.

Check 5 leaves at each plant for adults and nymphs.  Record # of leaves with more than 5 aphids.

Consider  treatment if:
When not in a scorch area: if 50% of leaves sampled have more than 5 aphids.
When in a scorch area: if 10% of leaves sampled have more than 5 aphids.

Reduce excessive nitrogen use.  Aphids (and other piercing/ sucking insects) are attracted to high nitrogen tissues.

Chemical control.

Continue scouting for winged and wingless populations.

Larvae may be feeding on flower buds.  Larvae are pale green with three white stripes developing on each side.
Head capsules of wintermoth are pale green.
Bruce spanworm larvae have dark head capsules which can lighten to pale green.

Larvae can defoliate new growth and flower buds causing a reduction in yield.

Inspect 5 flower clusters per plant.  Look for feeding activity such as silk, frass, discolored buds and chewed entrance holes in the sides of buds.
Record # of infested or damaged fruit clusters.

Consider treatment if 5-10% of plants have infested buds.

Chemical.
Be cautious of applying pesticides that may disrupt pollinators.

Treated fields should be scouted soon after treatment to determine efficacy.

Larvae are about 1” long and are green with a dark head. Larvae create webbing on leaves and flowers and feed inside of this shelter.

Larvae can feed directly on fruit to reduce yield.  They can also act as a contaminant pest.

Inspect 5 flower clusters per plant at each site.  Gently pull apart clusters to look for larvae and feeding damage.  Record # of infested clusters.

Detection of leafroller larvae at most sites indicates pre-bloom insecticide application may be necessary.

Microbial insecticide B.t. with spreader sticker on cloudy day.

Chemical control.

Continue scouting for larvae at each site.

Insects are very small; they can be seen with hand lens and appear as a small maggot at this stage.
Damage appears as blackened tips of unfolding leaves.

Can cause damage to shoot tips and cause a witches’ broom growth.  This may result in decreased growth and poor bud set for the following year.

Inspect 5 shoot tips per plant at each site.
Look for blackened tips of developing shoots.  If seen, open up tips and use hand lens to identify maggots.

None established

Chemical control.  No pesticides are labeled for Gall midge, but other insecticides may have activity against gall midge.

Main peaks of infestation are before and after harvest, when shoot tips are actively growing.  Scout during this stage and again post-harvest.

Adult black vine weevils, clay colored weevils, and strawberry weevils will be emerging at this time.  Black vine weevils are the largest (up to 1/3” long) and are predominantly black.
Clay colored weevils are mottled light and darker brown or gray.
Strawberry weevils are black to brown in color and 1/5” long.
C-shaped larvae are grubs found in the soil approximately ½” long.

Adult weevils can cause notching damage to leaves and new stems.
Larvae feed on and damage roots.

Look for plants with reduced vigor.  Dig around base of plant to look for grubs feeding on roots.
After May, look for notching on lower leaves and new shoots.
At night, look for adult weevils feeding on foliage by shaking plant onto light colored cloth or using beating tray.

Consider treatment if plants show signs of low vigor and weevils (adults or larvae) have been found.

Manage weeds in the infested area to eliminate alternate food sources for adults and larvae.

Chemical

Continue scouting for adult and larval stages of weevils.

Leaves and blossoms will begin to become infected.  Infected leaves will flag and turn brown.  Infected blossoms turn brown and wither.

Infection of blossom resulting in loss of yield.  Fruit is non-saleable.

Inspect 5 shoots at each plant.  Infection will appear as drooping shoots and the upper surface of the leaves will turn brown from the petiole outwards.

Consider treatment when primary infection is occurring to reduce secondary infection.

Chemical

Continue scouting for infected leaves and shoots and look for infection on developing fruit.

Infections form a bull’s eye pattern and are formed at lea scars and other wounds on stems.

Stem girdling when cankers get large.

Inspect 20 plants per site.  Look for infections on current year stems or wounded areas.

No tolerance established

Prune out infected wood.
Choose resistant varieties.

Educate farm workers on identification of cankers and pruning out methods.

Blossoms are susceptible to infection.  The pathogen can move from the blighted blossom to the peduncle to girdle the stem.

Stem girdling.
Blossom infection causing poor fruit set.

Fruit may become infected with gray fuzzy mold.

Inspect 5 flower clusters per plant, especially during wet weather.  Look for a brown, water-soaked appearance. Blossoms may also be covered with gray fuzzy mold.

No established tolerance

Keep an open canopy to allow for good air circulation.
Time overhead irrigation so that foliage is not wet for prolonged periods.

Chemical

Continue scouting for botrytis infection of flowers and fruit.

Reddish-brown to black cankers may have developed from infections in January and February.  Infection only occurs on previous season’s growth and enters through wounds in stem tissue.

Large cankers can cause stem girdling and bud death.

Inspect 20 plants per site.  Look for reddish-brown to black cankers on previous season’s growth

No established tolerance.

Prune out infected wood.

Chemical

Educate farm workers on identification and pruning techniques for removal of infected wood.

Spores are transmitted to flowers and developing fruit during a rain event.  Symptoms are seen on last year’s fruit stems as orange spore masses.

Fruit infection does not usually show up until fruit ripens, sometimes following harvest.

Inspect 20 plants per site.  Look for orange spore masses on last year’s fruit stems.  Look for infected leaves (circular spots) and blossoms turning black or brown.

No established tolerance

Apply overhead irrigation so that plants do not stay wet for prolonged periods.

Prune plants to ensure good air circulation.

Chemical

Continue scouting for infection on leaves and blossoms.  Infection on fruit will often not show up until fruit is fully ripened or after harvest.

Symptoms will be appearing at this stage.  New tissue appears black and older foliage turns orange.  Very little fruit will set.

Decrease in yield for at least one season.  Plants usually recover after one season with symptoms.

Symptoms for Shock Virus are very similar to that of Scorch Virus.  Plants with Scorch Virus will not recover.  Proper identification is crucial.

At each site, look for plants with blackening new foliage and flower clusters.  Tag plants with symptoms and record location.  Send samples off for testing to ensure Scorch Virus is not present.

No established tolerance

For small plantings, let disease run its course.  For larger plantings, rogue plants if contained to a small area, otherwise let disease run its course.

Educate farm workers on identification of symptoms and how to mark plants for identification.  Identification should be done throughout the field.

Symptoms are similar to those of Shock Virus: shoot tips dying back and blight on blossoms.  Plants will not recover from Scorch as they do from Shock.

Plant death.
This virus can be spread quickly through a field and between fields.  Vectors include aphids and people and tools moving between plants and fields.

Monitoring of plants should be done through the entire field.  Plants suspected for Scorch (or shock) virus should be sent to Oregon State University for testing immediately.

Zero tolerance.  

No treatment available for this disease.
Plants must be removed from the field as soon as identified.

Continue monitoring and testing for virus in field.

Small rodents tunnel through soil causing air pockets in the root zone.  They will also feed on roots

Can eat roots and girdle crowns.

Set up a monitoring station using PVC pipe and apple wedge.  Check for feeding damage on the apple wedge.

20-40% of monitoring stations are positive for feeding damage

Habitat reduction.
Rodenticide baits at bait stations.

Monitor again 2-3 weeks following treatment to evaluate efficacy.