Literature: Natural Controls

Natural Controls

Alma, P J.
Parasitization of Tipula spp. (Diptera, Tipulidae) by Siphona geniculata (Degeer) (Diptera, Tachinidae).
Entomol Mon Mag 111, no. 1331/1333 (APR/JUNE 1975 (PUB. 1976)): 105-107.

Antonelli,-A.L.; Campbell,-R.L.
The European crane fly: a lawn and pasture pest.
Ext-bull-Wash-State-Univ,-Coop-Ext. Pullman, Wash. : The Extension,. Aug 1994.

Antonelli, A.
European crane fly in Washington: history, biology, and control efforts Tipula paludosa.
p. 637-638. Publishing Agencies: US Imprint, not USDA Proceedings - Washington State Entomological Society. Pullman : The Society. Apr/Nov 1982. (44)

Antonelli, A.L. ; Campbell, R.L.
Insect answers: The European crane fly Tipula paludosa: a lawn pest.
2 p. ill. Publishing Agencies: Extension Service Washington State University. Cooperative Extension Service. E.M. Pullman, Wash., The Service. May 1979. (3478)

Beesley, J E.
Seasonal abundance of three life cycle stages of Rasajeyna nannyla (Coccidia) in Tipula paludosa and Tipula vittata.
J Invertabr Pathol 31, no. 2 (MAR 1978): 255-259. Publishing Agencies: US Imprint, not USDA

Beesley, J E.
The life cycle of Rasanjeyna nannyla N. Ben, N. sp., A Coccidian pathogen of Tipula paludosa Meigen.
Parasitology 74, no. 3 (JUNE 1977): 273-283.

Clements, R.O. ; Bale, J.S.
The short-term effects on birds and mammals of the use of chlorpyrifos to control leatherjackets in grassland.
Annals of applied biology. 112, no. 1 (Feb 1988): p. 41-47.

Damgaard-PH; Abdel-Hameed-A; Eilenberg-J; Smits-PH
Natural occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis on grass foliage.
World-Journal-of-Microbiology-and-Biotechnology. 1998, 14: 2, 239-242; 28 ref.
Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were naturally present on the phylloplane of grass foliage collected from a pasture field at Wageningen, Netherlands. Characterization of 32 isolates from foliage showed that 75% belonged to serovar israelensis (H-14). A few other serovars were also found (indiana, japonensis, nigeriensis and pakistani). In toxicity tests, 84% of the isolates showed larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, whereas no activity against Pieris brassicae was detected in any of the isolates. Activity against Tipula oleracea was documented for a few isolates of serovar israelensis.
Deblois, R W. ; Uzgiris, E E. ; Cluxton, D H. ; Mazzone, H M.
Comparative measurements of size and polydispersity of several insect viruses [Tipula iridescent virus, of Tipula paludosa, nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of neodiprion sertifer, and lymantria dispar].
Anal Biochem 90, no. 1 (OCT 1, 1978): 273-288. REF. Publishing Agencies: USDA

Ehlers-RU; Wulff-A; Peters-A
Pathogenicity of axenic Steinernema feltiae, Xenorhabdus bovienii, and the bacto-helminthic complex to larvae of Tipula oleracea (Diptera) and Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera).
Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. 1997, 69: 3, 212-217; 37 ref.
The bacto-helminthic complex of Steinernema feltiae and Xenorhabdus bovienii was injected into 4th-instar larval Tipula oleracea and Galleria mellonella, to assess its pathogenicity in comparison to axenic nematodes and bacteria alone. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) per larva were counted after 48 h to assess LC50. Monoxenic nematodes were more pathogenic than axenic nematodes in both insects. The LC50 of X. bovienii alone was considerably higher in T. oleracea (15,700 CFU/larva) than in G. mellonella (_8 CFU/larva). It is concluded that the nematode-bacterium complex has a synergistic effect, being more virulent than the additive effect of both symbionts administered separately.

Feldmann, F. ; Dullemans, A. ; Waalwuk, C.
Binding of the CryIVD toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to larval dipteran midgut proteins.
Applied and environmental microbiology. 61, no. 7 (July 1995): p. 2601-2605.
Ligand-blotting experiments on dipteran brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) showed binding of CryIVD toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to proteins of 148 kDa in Anopheles stephensi and of 78 kDa in Tipula oleracea, both species being susceptible to CryIVD. Binding of CryIVD with BBMVs of A. stephensi resulted in a stronger signal than with BBMVs of T. oleracea. Likewise, larvae of A. stephensi are 10,000-fold more susceptible to the CryIVD toxin than are larvae of T. oleracea. Binding was also found with six proteins ranging in size from 48 to 110 kDa in BBMVs from the lepidopteran species Manduca sexta, but CryIVD was not toxic for M. sexta larvae. No binding of trypsinated CryIVD to BBMV proteins was observed. With the lepidopteran-specific toxin CryIA(b), no binding to dipteran BBMVs was found. Binding of CryIA(b) to nine different BBMV proteins ranging in size from 71 to 240 kDa was observed in M. sexta. The major binding signal was observed with a protein of 240 kDa for CryIA(b).

Finney J.R., Bennett G.F.
Heterorhabditis heliothidis: A potential biocontrol agent of agricultural and forest pests in Newfoundland
Journal of Agricultural Entomology. 1984, 1:(3) 287-295.
Abstract:During a laboratory study in Newfoundland, Canada, 2 species each of Homoptera (Aphis craccae and a cercopid), Coleoptera (a species of Agriotes and Chrysomela falsa) and Diptera (Tipula paludosa and Delia radicum) and 8 species of Lepidoptera (Artogeia rapae, Evergestis pallidata, Croesia curvalana, Harpipteryx xylostella [Ypsolopha dentella], Coleophora serratella, Leucoma salicis, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria and an unidentified privet leaf-roller), all of which were taken from plants of agricultural importance or forest trees, were exposed to infection by Heterorhabditis heliothidis at 24°C. Substantial larval mortality was obtained 48-72 h after exposure in most cases; pupae and adults were also killed. The effects on the individual pests are described.

Gatter, W.
Migration of the cranefly Tipula oleracea L.: passive wind-drifting or determined migration?
p. 81-89. ill. Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen. Munchen, Munchner Entomologische Gesellschaft. Oct 15, 1977. v. 26 (5)

Gerritsen L.J.M., Wiegers G.L., Smits P.H.
Pathogenicity of new combinations of Heterorhabditis spp. and Photorhabdus luminescens against Galleria mellonella and Tipula oleracea
Biological Control. 1998 13:(1) 9-15.
Photorhabdus luminescens isolates were exchanged between four entomopathogenic nematode strains; two isolates of Heterorhabditis megidis from The Netherlands and two isolates of H. bacteriophora, one from Australia and one from Moldavia. When cultured on H. megidis symbionts only few H. bacteriophora infective juveniles retained the symbiotic bacterium. These infective juveniles, without symbiotic bacteria, were not pathogenic to insects. When P. luminescens was injected into insect larvae it could kill Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Galleridae) larvae but it was not pathogenic to Tipula oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae). The combination of nematode and bacterium killed T. oleracea, showing that the nematode is more than just a vector for the bacterium. Small differences in pathogenicity between the combinations could only be observed in T. oleracea, not in the highly susceptible G. mellonella. The pathogenicity of a combination depends on the pathogenicity of the bacterium, the pathogenicity of the nematode and the interaction between them. The pathogenicity of H. bacteriophora strains against T. oleracea was low, partly because of the low penetration rate of these strains.

Gerritsen L.J.M., Smits P.H.
Pathogenicity of new combinations of Heterorhabditis spp. and Photorhabdus luminescens (Xenorhabdus luminescens) against Galleria mellonella and Tipula oleracea
Bulletin of the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants. 1994 17:(3) 56-60.
The pathogenicity of new combinations of Heterorhabditis spp. and Xenorhabdus luminescens was tested against a susceptible host Galleria mellonella and a more resistant host Tipula oleracea in the laboratory at 25°C. Nematodes of the north-west European group were not able to grow and multiply with H. bacteriophora bacteria. H. bacteriophora nematodes without bacteria did not kill insect larvae. The pathogenicity of H. bacteriophora strains against T. oleracea was low, probably because of the low penetration rate of these strains. The pathogenicity of a combination was determined by the pathogenicity of the bacterium, that of the nematode and by the interaction between them.

Griffiths,-C.; Carter,-J.B.; Overend,-J.
Phaonia signata (Meigen) (Diptera:Muscidae) larvae predatory upon leatherjackets, Tipula paludosa (Meigen) (Diptera:Tipulidae) larvae.
Entomol-Gaz. Faringdon : E. W. Classey. 1984. v. 35 (1) p. 53-55. ill.

Guelpa, B. ; Bergoin, M. ; Croizier, G.
Characterization of Tipula paludosa baculovirus polyhedron protein and virus structural proteins.
C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci, Ser D Sci Nat 284, no. 9 (FEB 28, 1977): 779-782. REF. ENG. SUM.

Hukuhara, T. ; Shinkai, T.
Structure of aggregates of Tipula (paludosa) iridescent virus and polystyrene latex particles.
J Invertebr Pathol 32, no. 1 (JULY 1978): 97-102. Publishing Agencies: US Imprint, not USDA

Iriarte, J. ; Bel, Y. ; Ferrandis, M.D. ; Andrew, R. ; Murillo, J. ; Ferre, J. ; Caballero, P.
Environmental distribution and diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis in Spain.
Systematic and applied microbiology. 21, no. 1 (Mar 1998): p. 97-106.
Bacillus thuringiensis was isolated from 301 out of 1,005 samples collected in Spain from agricultural and non-cultivated soils, dust from stored products, and dead insects. Based on the production of parasporal crystals, 1,401 isolates were identified as B. thuringiensis after examining 11,982 B. thuringiensis-like colonies. We found a greater presence of B. thuringiensis in dust from grain storages than in other habitats. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the spore-crystal mixtures revealed diverse populations of B. thuringiensis which were differentiated in at least 92 distinct protein profiles. Serological identification also showed great diversity among the Spanish isolates which were distributed among 38 of the 58 known serovars. The most frequently found serovars were aizawai, kurstaki, konkukian, morrisoni, and thuringiensis, which together represented more than 50% of the serotyped isolates. In preliminary toxicity assays, a number of isolates were found to show significant insecticidal activity against the lepidopterans Heliothis armigera (76.1% of the assayed isolates), Spodoptera exigua (50.5%), and Plutella xylostella (19.7%). Thirty five isolates were toxic to both H. armigera and S. exigua, and eight were toxic to S. exigua and P. xylostella. Four and one isolates were toxic to the coleopterans Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Colaspidema atrum, respectively, and three to the dipteran Tipula oleracea. The electrophoretic pattern and serovar of most of the isolates with toxic activity were consistent with those reported in the literature, although other isolates revealed unusual protein profiles, were assigned to new H serovars, or were included in H serovars not previously reported within such pathotypes.

Jackson, D M.
European crane fly (Tipula paludosa) an introduced pest of turf and pasture in Whatcom County, Washington.
Proc Wash State Entomol Soc (MAR 1973): 356-358.

Jackson, D M. ; Campbell, R L.
Biology of the european crane fly, Tipula paludosa Meigen, in western Wasthington (Tipulidae; Diptera)
Tech Bull Wash Agric Exp Stn 81 (JULY 1975): 23 p. map. ref. Publishing Agencies: Experiment Station

Keller, S.
On two entomophthora [Fung] of Tipula paludosa MEIG. [SYSTEMATIC POSITION].
Mitt Schweiz Entomol Ges 50, no. 3/4 (1977): 277-284. ENG. SUM.

Keller, S.
Entomophthora gigantea sp. nov. and Entomophthora caroliniana (Thaxter) comb. nov. Fungi, new taxa, two pathogens of Tipula paludosa Meig. in Switzerland.
p. 87-93. ill., 3 plates. Sydowia; annales mycologici. Horn, Austria, Ferdinand Berger. 1978 (pub. 1979). v. 31 (1/6) ISSN: 0082-0598

Kelly-M
The biological control of leatherjackets.
Proceedings of meeting on biological control of pests and diseases. 1990, 42-47; 14 ref.
Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Department of Agriculture; Belfast; UK
Surveys were carried out in Northern Ireland, UK, in 1985-88 to identify the important natural enemies of Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea. Iridescent and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, a nematode species, a microsporidium [microspora] and a bacterial pathogen were isolated from tipulids trapped in the survey. A T. paludosa egg parasite was identified as Anaphes sp. The iridescent virus (applied in greenhouses in infected Galleria cadavers) and Anaphes spp. (when in large numbers and in synchrony with the pest population) were identified as the most potentially useful as biological control agents. It is suggested that the Anaphes sp. may be useful in North America where Tilupa spp. are introduced, rather than native, pests.

Lam A.B.Q., Webster J.M.
Effect of the DD-136 nematode and of a a-exotoxin preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis on leatherjackets, Tipula paludosa larvae
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 1972, 20:(2) 141-149.
Abstract:A commereial preparation, IMC 10,001.1, containing the,B-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis, caused the mortality of third and fourth instar larvae of Tipula paludosa in laboratory experiments. Some larvae that survived the, 3-exotoxin treatment produced morphologically abnormal pupae and adults. The nematode DD-136 strain of Neoaplectana carpocapsoe reproduced sueeessfully in T. paludosa larvae. and in the laboratory an inoculum equivalent to about 22.2 X lO 9 infective DD-136 larvae per acre caused a 100% mortality of the insect larvae 13 days after infection. However, at 1/2 and 1/4 of the above inoculum, the nematodes caused only 34.0% and 29.8% insect mortality, respectively. The results from a combined application of a low dose of the B-exotoxin preparation with a low inoculum of DD-136 suggested a possible synergistic action of the two substances and resulted in an increased percentage of insect mortality. The possible mechanisms of action of the B-exotoxin and of DD-136 are discussed.

Lam, A B Q. ; Webster, J M.
Morphology and biology of Panagrolaimus tipulae N. sp. (Panagrolaimidae) and Rhabditis (Rhabditella) tipulae N. sp. (Rhabditidae), from leatherjacket larvae, Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Nematologica 17, no. 2 (JUNE 1971): 201-212.

Lewis, G.C. ; Vaughan, B.
Evaluation of a fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) for control of leatherjackets (Tipula spp.) in perennial ryegrass.
Tests of agrochemicals and cultivars. 18 (Sept 1997): p. 34-35.

Lind-P
Managing crane flies in lawns.
Journal-of-Pesticide-Reform. 1998, 18: 4, 22-23; 17 ref.
Management methods for crane flies such as Tipula paludosa, pests of turf in North America, are considered. The biology of crane flies is outlined, detailing the larval stage which feeds on grasses. Methods to monitor crane fly populations are listed. Providing drainage, reducing irrigation, slicing and aerating are suggested as physical and mechanical control methods. Appropriate varieties of grass, such as rye grass [Lolium perenne], can reduce crane fly problems. Biological control agents, including Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae, are considered. The value of ground beetles [Carabidae] and birds as natural enemies is considered.

Luff, M.L.; Rushton, S.P.
The effects of pasture improvement on the ground beetle and spider fauna of upland grasslands.
Aspects of applied biology. 17,pt.1 (1988): p. 67-74.

Milner, R.J. ; Beaton, C.D.
A novel milky disease organism from Australian scarabaeids Aphodius tasmaniae; Tipula paludosa; Armadillium granulatum: ultrastructure.
p. 310-318. ill. Publishing Agencies: US Imprint, not USDA Journal of invertebrate pathology. New York, Academic Press. May 1981. v. 37 (3) ISSN: 0022-2011

Peters,-A.; Ehlers,-R.U.
Encapsulation of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in Tipula oleracea.
J-invertebr-pathol. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. May 1997. v. 69 (3) p. 218-222.
The encapsulation response of Tipula oleracea to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae was investigated by exposing the insects to nematode dauer juveniles (DJs) and by injecting DJs with and without the symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus bovienii. The encapsulation response varied considerably between individual insect larvae. The variation could not be attributed to a more or less scattered nematode invasion over time since it was also recorded after simultaneous injection of a fixed DJ dose. The proportion of encapsulated nematodes declined with increasing dose (injected DJs/larva) from approx 80% for 1 DJ/larva to 33-34% for 20 DJ/larva. Tipula oleracea larvae were capable of encapsulating nematodes with and without symbionts inside the hemocoel; however, at doses of 10 and 20 DJ/larva, axenic nematodes were encapsulated less frequently than monoxenic nematodes. Injected axenic nematodes that were not encapsulated did not develop in T. oleracea larvae but disappeared from the insect's hemocoel. Coinjection of symbiotic bacteria increased encapsulation of axenic nematodes, showing that X. bovienii is triggering the encapsulation response of T. oleracea against S. feltiae.
Peters,-A.; Gouge,-D.H.; Ehlers,-R.U.; Hague,-N.G.M.
Avoidance of encapsulation by Heterorhabditis spp. infecting larvae of Tipula oleracea.
J-invertebr-pathol. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. Sept 1997. v. 70 (2) p. 161-164.

Peters-A; Ehlers-RU
Encapsulation of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in Tipula oleracea.
Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. 1997, 69: 3, 218-222; 17 ref.
Dauer juveniles of Tipula oleracea were both exposed to (n=66) or injected with (n=27) Steinernema feltiae to assess the encapsulation response of the host insect. Dauer juvenile nematode larvae were used, with and without the bacterial symbiont Xenorhabdus boviensii. Larval mortality and encapsulation were measured 5 days afer exposure and 3 days after injection. The encapsulation response of T. oleracea declined with increasing dose (injected nematodes/larva), and monoxenic nematodes were encapsulated more frequently than axenic nematodes. It is concluded that X. boviensii triggers an encapsulation response to S. feltiae in T. oleracea.

Peters-A; Gouge-DH; Ehlers-RU; Hague-NGM
Avoidance of encapsulation by Heterorhabditis spp. infecting larvae of Tipula oleracea.
Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. 1997, 70: 2, 161-164; 10 ref.
Laboratory studies showed that the enduring cuticle of Heterorhabditis spp. has an important role in avoiding encapsulation in the host, Tipula oleracea, a finding which is probably applicable to other insects capable of encapsulating nematodes. Implications for current protocols designed to test the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes are discussed.

Peters-A; Ehlers-RU; Simoes-N (ed.); Boemare-N (ed.); Ehlers-R -U
Evaluation and selection for enhanced nematode pathogenicity against Tipula spp.
Cost 819 - entomopathogenic nematodes. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes versus insect defence mechanisms: impact on selection of virulent strains. Proceedings held at Universidade dos Acres, Ponta Delgada, Acores, Portugal, 17 to 20 March 1996. 1998, 225-241; 33 ref.
The infection process of Steinernema feltiae in Tipula oleracea and, partly, T. paludosa, was investigated to establish traits limiting nematode pathogenicity. Dauer larvae (DL) of S. feltiae react to host cues of T. oleracea and are arrested near the larvae. Steinernema feltiae does not show significant differences in host finding of Galleria mellonella and Tipula spp.. However, nematode invasion is significantly higher in G. mellonella. Pathogenicity to T. oleracea and nematode invasion was correlated among different nematode strains and species examined. The invasion activity is considered to be an important trait limiting nematode pathogenicity. Encapsulation of S. feltiae in T. oleracea may limit the nematodes pathogenicity, especially when low nematode doses are applied. The encapsulation response is highly variable between individual tipulid larvae which restricts improvement by selective breeding. The pathogenicity of the nematodes symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus bovienii, is low. In the nematode/bacteria complex, however, pathogenicity is synergistically increased. Selective breeding for improved invasion of nematodes into T. oleracea has been applied to S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora using different techniques. Both nematode species responded to selection. The response of H. bacteriophora was significantly higher than that of S. feltiae.

Peters-A; Huneke-K; Ehlers-RU
Host finding by the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.
Insect pathogens and insect parasitic nematodes. Proceedings of the first joint meeting. Bulletin-OILB-SROP. 1996, 19: 9, 99-102; 8 ref.
The ability of Steinernema feltiae to disperse in sand and locate 4th-instar larvae of Tipula oleracea and last-instar larvae of Galleria mellonella was studied at 20-23°C. Destructive sampling of sand columns showed that 50% of dauer larvae dispersed without the presence of an insect host. The presence of larvae of T. oleracea _4 cm from the inoculation site did not increase the proportion of dauer larvae dispersing. However, the nematodes did accumulate in the vicinity and inside the T. oleracea larvae. When given a choice between two sand filled cylinders, with or without an insect host, the number of nematodes which visited the cylinder without an insect was not significantly lower than the number aggregating in the cylinder with the insect. Hence, dauer larvae were not attracted by the insect but were arrested after reaching a host. There was no difference in the aggregation of dauer larvae in response to larvae of T. oleracea or G. mellonella, but penetration into G. mellonella was significantly higher than into T. oleracea.

Peters-A; Ehlers-RU
Susceptibility of leatherjackets (Tipula paludosa and Tipula oleracea; Tipulidae; Nematocera) to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.
Journal-of-Invertebrate-Pathology. 1994, 63: 2, 163-171; 41 ref.
Laboratory bioassays were conducted to investigate the susceptibility of larvae of Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea to Steinernema feltiae [Steinernema bibionis]. Dauer juveniles (DJs) entered the larval haemocoel mainly by direct penetration of the cuticle and were encapsulated in the haemocoel in all except 1st instars. Depending on the number of invading nematodes larval death could be prevented by this encapsulation. Larval mortality was correlated with the number of invading nematodes, indicating that penetration by DJs was the limiting step during pathogenesis. In contrast to other instars, the dose-mortality response of young 1st instars was less pronounced. T. oleracea was more susceptible to S. bibionis than T. paludosa. In both Tipula species maximum mortality was recorded for the 1st instar approaching the 1st moult, while young 1st instars were less susceptible. Susceptibility of 2nd- to 4th-instar larvae decreased with their age. For T. oleracea, LC50 values ranged from 7 DJs per insect for the 1st instar approaching the 1st moult, to 56 DJs for the 4th instar. Nematode invasion was not correlated to CO2 release by the different larval stages. It was therefore, concluded that penetration was not triggered by CO2, but by other more specific stimuli.
[The susceptibility of Tipula paludosa and Tipula oleracea larvae to Steinernema feltiae was examined in laboratory bioassays. Dauer juveniles (DJs) entered the larval hemocoel mainly by direct penetration of the cuticle. All instars except L1 encapsulated nematodes in the hemocoel. However, the prevention of larval death by encapsulation was dependent on the number of invading nematodes. Larval mortality was correlated with the number of invading nematodes, indicating that DJ penetration is the limiting step during pathogenesis. In contrast to other instars, the dosage-mortality response of young L1 was less pronounced. T. paludosa was less susceptible to S. feltiae than T. oleracea. In both Tipula species highest mortality was recorded for the L1 approaching the first molt, while young L1 were less susceptible. Susceptibility of L2 to L4 larvae decreased with their age. For T. oleracea, LC50 values ranged from 7 DJs per insect for the L1 approaching the first molt, to 56 for the L4. CO2 release of the different larval stages was not correlated to nematode invasion. It is therefore concluded that penetration is not triggered by CO2, but by other more specific stimuli]

Revet, B.M.J. ; Guelpa, B.
The genome of a baculovirus infecting Tipula paludosa (Meig) (Diptera): a high molecular weight closed circular DNA of zero superhelix density Potential tool in biological control.
p. 633-639. ill. Publishing Agencies: US Imprint, not USDA Virology New York, Academic July 30, 1979. v. 96 (2) ISSN: 0042-6822

Sherlock, P.L.
Diplocystis tipulae sp. nov. (Sporozoa: Eugregarinorida), a parasite of Tipula paludosa Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae).
p. 207-220. ill., 4 plates. Parasitology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Apr 1979. v. 78 (2) ISSN: 0031-1820

Smits-PH; Vlug-HJ
Control of tipulid larvae with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.
Proceedings and abstracts, Vth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Adelaide, Australia, 20-24 August 1990. 1990, 343.
Laboratory and field studies on the use of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for the control of Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea in grasslands are summarized. Over 95% mortality of 1st-instar larvae was achieved by spraying with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. It was shown that young larvae feed predominantly on leaves.

Smits-PH; Vlug-HJ; Wiegers-GL
Biological control of leatherjackets with Bacillus thuringiensis.
Proceedings-of-the-Section-Experimental-and-Applied-Entomology-of-the-Netherlands-Entomological-Society. 1993, No. 4: 187-192; 14 ref.
The use of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for the control of Tipula oleracea was investigated. In laboratory bioassays, susceptibility to the pathogen decreased with larval age. Two commercial products of B. t. israelensis (Skeetal and Vectobac) were tested against 1st-instar larvae in a lawn. A dosage of 45 litres/ha of each product reduced numbers to below the damage threshold of 150 larvae/m2. Three bait formulations (ground Bti pellets alone or with wheat bran or wheat germ) were tested against 3rd-instar larvae in natural grass sods in a greenhouse. The ground Bti pellets gave the best results (61%). This paper was presented at the 4th meeting of experimental and applied entomologists in the Netherlands, held at Ede, Netherlands, on 18 December 1992.

Sudhaus, W.
Redescription of Rhabditis (Oscheius) tipulae (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) associated with leather-jackets, larvae of Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae).
Nematologica 1993, 39:234-239.

Szewczyk-D; Langenbruch-GA
Rearing experiments and frass preferences of Tipula paludosa and Tipula oleracea.
Untersuchungen zu zucht und frasspraferenzen von Tipula paludosa und Tipula oleracea. Mededelingen-van-de-Faculteit-Landbouwwetenschappen,-Universiteit-Gent. 1993, 58: 2B, 599-605; 13 ref.
The biological control of Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea was investigated using Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. A simple rearing method was developed. Stellaria media was preferred to many other native and cultivated plants.

Unknown.
Leatherjackets. [Tipula paludosa, biological control (insects), Sipona geniculata]
Butter-fat 48, no. 1 (JAN/FEB 1970): 5-7.

Waalwijk, C. ; Dullemans, A. ; Maat, C.
Construction of a bioinsecticidal rhizosphere isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens.
FEMS microbiology letters - Federation of European Microbiological Societies. 77, no. 2/3 (Jan 15, 1991): p. 257-263.
The cryIVB gene from Bacillus thuringiensis morrisoni PG-14 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. A gene cassette was constructed that placed the gene under the control of the tac promotor. Three Pseudomonas 'suicide' vectors were made by cloning chromosomal DNA fragments from the root-colonizing Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P1 into plasmid pSUP202. The kanamycin resistance gene nptII and the cryIVB gene cassette were cloned within the Pseudomonas sequences. These constructs were introduced into the root-colonizing strain Pseudomonas fluorescens P1. Southern blot hybridizations demonstrated that the nptII and cryIVB genes were integrated into the chromosome whereas vector sequences were not. Expression of the cryIVB protein by transgenic Pseudomonas cells was demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Cell cultures of the transformed P. fluorescens were found to be toxic towards larvae of the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi and to leatherjackets, the larvae of Tipula oleracea.

Wassink H., Poinar G.O. Jr.
Use of the entomogenous nematode, Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser (Steinernematidae: Rhabditida), in Latin America
Nematropica. 1984, 14:(1) 97-109.
Abstract:The present report was prepared to collect and analyze the literature dealing with the testing of Neoaplectana carpocapsoe against insect pests of Latin America. A total of 97 species of Latin American insects from 11 orders were shown to be susceptible to N. carpocapsae. Native strains of N. carpocapsae occur in Latin America and these and isolates from other parts of the world should be tested against economically important insect pests in Latin America. The infective stages of N. carpocapsae occur in the soil and will be most effective against soil-inhabiting insects. Since rapid desiccation will destroy the infective stages in a short period, application of N. carpocapsae to exposed surfaces should be done with an additive to retard water loss. Field trials show that N. carpocapsae has real potential for use as a biological control agent in pest management programs.

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