Literature: Cultural Effects

Cultural Effects

Antonelli, A.L.; Stahnke, G.K.
European Crane Fly- Management History and Loss of Dursban- What do we do now?
Proceedings of the 5th PNW Pesticide Issues Conference: Home and Garden Pesticide Use and Users October 19, 2000 Wash. State Univ. Coop. Ext.

Blackshaw, R.P.
Effects of cultivations and previous cropping on leatherjacket populations in spring barley.
Research and development in agriculture. 5, no. 1 (1988): p. 35-37.

Blackshaw, R.P. ; Newbold, J.W.
Interactions between fertilizer use and leatherjacket control in grassland.
Grass and forage science : the journal of the British Grassland Society. 42, no. 4 (Dec 1987): p. 343-346.

Cheshire, M.V.; Griffiths, B.S.
The influence of earthworms and cranefly larvae on the decomposition of uniformly 14C labelled plant material in soil.
The Journal of soil science. 40, no. 1 (Mar 1989): p. 117-124.

Coll-C; Blackshaw-RP; Clarke-JH (ed.); Davies-DHK (ed.); Dampney-P-MR (ed.); Froud-Williams-RJ (ed.); Griffith-PJ (ed.); Lane-A (ed.); Sim-L (ed.); Stevens-DB
Leatherjackets in winter cereals: a self-inflicted problem?
Rotations and cropping systems, 16-18 December 1996, Churchill College, Cambridge, UK. Aspects-of-Applied-Biology. 1996, No. 47, 145-151; 8 ref.
Large, local aggregations of Tipula oleracea larvae were found damaging winter cereal crops from October onwards in NE Scotland, UK. Results from field surveys established that cereal crops following oilseed rape in the rotation were most at risk. Larvae were found overwintering in oilseed rape crops and in crops which followed oilseed rape in the rotation, but not in fields which had not included oilseed rape as part of the rotation. Data collected from emergence traps showed that overwintering larvae emerged as adults in early summer. It was shown that adult flies could not escape from the canopy of the oilseed rape once flowering was complete. Flies trapped beneath the canopy could continue to mate and oviposit underneath the crop canopy and consequently, this could lead to the appearance of large, local aggregations which partly explains the presence of significant populations of larvae in following crops of winter cereals.

French, N. ; Nichols, D.B.R. ; Wright, A.J.
Yield response of improved upland pasture to the control of leatherjackets under increasing rates of nitrogen.
Grass and forage science : the journal of the British Grassland Society. 45, no. 1 (Mar 1990): p. 99-102.

Hopkins, A. ; Gilbey, J.
Effects of agrochemical treatments on the yield and botanical composition of pest damaged white clover swards.
Tests of agrochemicals and cultivars. 8 (Apr 1987): p. 124-125.

Lind-P
Managing crane flies in lawns.
Journal-of-Pesticide-Reform. 1998, 18: 4, 22-23; 17 ref.
Management methods for crane flies such as Tipula paludosa, pests of turf in North America, are considered. The biology of crane flies is outlined, detailing the larval stage which feeds on grasses. Methods to monitor crane fly populations are listed. Providing drainage, reducing irrigation, slicing and aerating are suggested as physical and mechanical control methods. Appropriate varieties of grass, such as rye grass [Lolium perenne], can reduce crane fly problems. Biological control agents, including Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae, are considered. The value of ground beetles [Carabidae] and birds as natural enemies is considered.

Luff, M.L.; Rushton, S.P.
The effects of pasture improvement on the ground beetle and spider fauna of upland grasslands.
Aspects of applied biology. 17,pt.1 (1988): p. 67-74.

Meats, A.
The effect of soil flooding on the survival and development of the eggs of Tipula oleracea and Tipula paludosa Meigen.
J. Ent. (A). 1972, 46: 99-102.

Meats, A.
Susceptibility of the leatherjackets Tipula oleracea and Tipula paludosa to soil flooding.
Ann appl. Biol. 1970, 65: 25-38.

Meats, A.
The effect of exposure to unsaturated air on the survival and development of eggs of Tipula oleracea and Tipula paludosa Meigen.
Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A)., 1968, 43: 85-88.

Meats, A.
The relation between survival and water loss in larvae of Tipula oleracea and Tipula paludosa (Diptera) on exposure to unsaturated air.
J. Insect Physiol. 1967, 13: 1119-1131.

Meats, A.
The relation between soil-water tension and growth rate of larvae of Tipula oleracea and Tipula paludosa (Diptera) in turf.
Ent. exp. & appl. 1967, 19: 312-320.

Meats, A.
The relation between soil-water tension and rate of development of the eggs of Tipula oleracea and Tipula paludosa (Diptera).
Ent exp. & appl. 1967, 19: 394-400.

Nichols, D.B.R. ; Wright, A.J. ; French, N.
Yield response of improved upland pasture to the control of leatherjackets under increasing rates of nitrogen.
Tests of agrochemicals and cultivars. 8 (Apr 1987): p. 18-19.

Ramsell, J., Malloch, A.J.C. & Whittaker, J.B.
When grazed by Tipula paludosa, Lolium perenne is a stronger competitor of Rumex obtusifolius.
Journal of Ecology 1993, 81: 777-786.

Ricou, G.
Production of Tipula paludosa MEIG. in meadows in function of soil humidity.
Rev Ecol Biol Sol 12,, no. 1, SPECIAL NO. (JAN 1975): 69-89. ENG. SUM.

Wollecke-J; Ispas-G; Bolscher-B; Pfadenhauer-J
Microhabitat requirements and effects of flooding on populations of coexisting cranefly species (Tipula, Diptera, Nematocera) in a fen meadow.
25. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fur Okologie (GfO) in Dresden-Tharandt, 11-16 September, 1995. Verhandlungen-der-Gesellschaft-fur-Okologie. 1996, 26: 591-595; 8 ref."
Species composition and distribution patterns of craneflies (Tipulidae) were investigated from 1992-95 on various grassland locations in the Dromling area, a fen ecosystem in central Germany. Sites were virtually different in vegetation, groundwater level

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