Literature: Sampling, Distribution

Sampling, Distribution

Alma, P J.
A population study and light-trap captures of Tipula pagana Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae).
Entomol Mon Mag 109, no. 1313/1315 (OCT/DEC 1973 (PUB. 1974)): 240-246.

Blackshaw-RP; Coll-C; Humphreys-IC; Stewart-RM
The epidemiology of a new leatherjacket pest (Tipula oleracea) of winter cereals in northern Britain.
HGCA-Project-Report. 1996, No. 120, 119 pp.; 7 pp. of ref.
A study of protein bands indicated that Tipula oleracea (rather than T. paludosa) was responsible for autumn damage to cereals in northern Britain during outbreaks in the mid-1980s. A survey showed that 84% of the damaged cereal crops had been preceded by a winter oilseed rape crop. In a comparison of sampling methods, brine flotation was found to be the most effective and easiest to use in arable crops later in the season, although unreliable on newly cultivated soil. Samples collected from winter oilseed rape and nearby fields of winter wheat yielded larvae in 20% of rape fields, but none in wheat in November. In spring, larvae were found in wheat, but more were found in rape fields. By September they were detectable in 73% of rape fields. Laboratory studies showed that larvae of T. oleracea could survive on oilseed rape and grew faster on rape than on wheat. Field experiments showed that the closed rape canopy at the time of the first flight period of the tipulid (May/June) impeded vertical movement of the adults but not horizontal movements. It is concluded that the introduction of oilseed rape into arable rotations has created this pest problem in winter wheat. Sampling rape stubble before cultivation for sowing wheat is recommended.

Blackshaw,-R.P.
Sampling for leatherjackets in grassland.
Asp-appl-biol. Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists. 1994. (37) p. 95-102.

Blackshaw, R.P.
Observations on the distribution of leatherjackets in Northern Ireland.
Annals of applied biology. 116, no. 1 (Feb 1990): p. 21-26. ill.

Blackshaw, R.P.
Studies on the estimation of sampling error for leatherjackets (Tipula spp.) in grassland.
Grass and forage science : the journal of the British Grassland Society. 42, no. 4 (Dec 1987): p. 347-351.

Blackshaw,-R.P.
The use of water traps for cranefly monitoring: an assessment of operator efficiency.
Ann-Appl-Biol. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists. Apr 1987. v. 110 (2) p. 239-245.

Blackshaw, R.P.
Some factors influencing variability in water-trap catches of Tipula spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae) [Spring-sown cereals, United Kingdom].
p. 693-699. Publishing Agencies: Non-US Imprint, not FAO Bulletin of entomological research. London : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Dec 1983. v. 73 (4) ISSN: 0007-4853

Blasdale, P.
A Method of turf sampling and extraction of leatherjackets (Tipula paludosa).
Plant Pathol 23, no. 1 (MAR 1974): 14-16.

Humphreys-IC; Blackshaw-RP; Stewart-RM; Coll-C; Williams-GH
Distribution of Tipula oleracea and Tipula paludosa in northern Britain.
Crop protection in Northern Britain 1993: Proceedings of a Conference, Dundee University, 23-25 March 1993. 1993, 85-90; 11 ref.
Proteins extracted from Tipulidae obtained during a survey of northern Britain were separated using isoelectric focusing to determine the distribution and frequency of Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea occurring in grassland. Staining revealed protein banding patterns which consistently distinguished the species. In each area surveyed, T. paludosa predominated. Only 1 of 75 fields surveyed in Northern Ireland and 1 of 32 in north-eastern Scotland was found to contain T. oleracea. In western Scotland T. oleracea occurred in 5 fields out of 68 and 129 in 1990-91 and 1991-92 surveys, resp. This species was locally abundant on the Isle of Bute in 1990-91, making up 15% of the total larvae tested.

Jackson, D M.
European crane fly (Tipula paludosa) an introduced pest of turf and pasture in Whatcom County, Washington.
Proc Wash State Entomol Soc (MAR 1973): 356-358.

Jackson, D M. ; Campbell, R L.
Biology of the european crane fly, Tipula paludosa Meigen, in western Wasthington (Tipulidae; Diptera)
Tech Bull Wash Agric Exp Stn 81 (JULY 1975): 23 p. map. ref. Publishing Agencies: Experiment Station

Lind-P
Managing crane flies in lawns.
Journal-of-Pesticide-Reform. 1998, 18: 4, 22-23; 17 ref.
Management methods for crane flies such as Tipula paludosa, pests of turf in North America, are considered. The biology of crane flies is outlined, detailing the larval stage which feeds on grasses. Methods to monitor crane fly populations are listed. Providing drainage, reducing irrigation, slicing and aerating are suggested as physical and mechanical control methods. Appropriate varieties of grass, such as rye grass [Lolium perenne], can reduce crane fly problems. Biological control agents, including Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae, are considered. The value of ground beetles [Carabidae] and birds as natural enemies is considered.

Stewart, R.M. ; Kozicki, K.K.
DIY assessment of leatherjacket numbers in grassland.
Crop protection in northern Britain. (1987): p. 349-354.

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