Discussion

The economic background of Tipula oleracea in Europe is likely an ominous presage of it's impacts in North America. It's presence and widespread distribution now raise many questions regarding possible unrecognized current damage and potential future impacts. Many questions revolve around how T. oleracea is different from T. paludosa, and that fundamental question was the focus of much of the field and lab work in this project. The inability to differentiate between T. oleracea and T. paludosa larvae proved to be a major limitation to distribution survey. A practical method to identify larvae is a prerequisite to the investigation of the role of T. oleracea in on-going or future plant damage.

The estimate of homeowner applied treatment costs presented in this report, based on 1999 estimates and data, represents only part of the current costs for pesticide treatments for crane fly damage, and only the homeowner applied treatment costs in Western Washington. The cost of pesticide treatments to homeowners for professional spray services, to commercial property landscape managers, to golf courses, and to commercial turf farms and pasture managers may be several times that applied by homeowners. Add also similar costs that have been incurred in the British Columbia, Canada, and Western Oregon, and likely California in the near future. The current distribution of T. oleracea was not established in this survey. It is possible that it is now, or will soon be as widespread as T. paludosa.

Pertinent Literature

Alford, D. V. , 1991. A Colour Atlas of Pests of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs & Flowers. Wolfe Publishing Ltd., London, England

Antonelli, A. L. and G. Stahnke, 1998. European Crane fly: A Lawn and Pasture Pest. Washington State University College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Extension Bulletin EB0856, Revised July, 1998

Brindle, A. 1960. The larvae and pupae of the British Tipulinae (Diptera: Tipulidae), Transactions of the Society for British Entomology. Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 63-114

Brodo, F. 1994. The subgenus Tipula (Tipula) in Finland and Estonia. Entomologica Fennica. 5: 49-52.

Costello, Bob 1998. October, 1998 Crop Protection Newsletter - B.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Plant Industry Branch, Crop Protection Program, Vol. 20, No. 2,

Criswell, J. A. 1956 A Taxonomic Account of the Last Instar Larvae of some British Tipulinae (Diptera:Tipulidae) Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol 108, part 10, pp. 409-470+

Jackson, M. and R. L. Campbell 1975. Biology of the European Crane Fly, Tipula paludosa Meigan, in Western Washington (Tipulidae; Diptera), College of Agriculture Research Center Technical Bulletin No. 81, Washington State University, Pullman. July, 1975

Savchenko, 1961, Fauna of the U.S.S.R., vol 2, no. 3, p. 439

Washington State Office of Fiscal Management report (OFM), 1999, "Populations Trends - 1999", Table 7:Housing Units by Structure Type for Cities, Towns, and Counties. April 1, 1990 and April 1, 1999. (Numbers used are "Total" for each county. Structure Type categories in table include; One Unit, Two or more, MH/TR/Spec* w/ note - in areas where significant trailer outmigration occurred, the numbers will tend to be overestimated.)

Whitworth et al. 1999. Personal communication 1999; Telephone conversations between October 18 and December 2, 1999 with Puget Sound area Pest Control Operators: T. Whitworth, B. Harlan, and P. Tivoli.

Distribution / Content Note

This report is provided as a public resource for the identification and evaluation of Tipula oleracea L.. This entire report, as well as individual graphic images, may be freely copied, distributed, and used in electronic and printed format as long as they are not modified for content or used for commercial purposes.